twenty eight Discover Renard , Ronald D. , ‘ The fresh new character of Karens during the Thai society in early Bangkok several months, 1782–1873 ‘, Efforts so you can Far eastern Training , fifteen ( 1980 ): 15 – twenty eight Bing Beginner ; Renard , Ronald D. , ‘The fresh new integration away from Karen within the north Thai political life within the nineteenth century’, when you look at the Anuson Walter Vella , ed. Renard , Ronald D. ( Honolulu : College or university out-of Hawai’i Press , 1986 ), pp. 229 –48Google Pupil ; and you can Sarasawadee, Reputation for Lanna.
30 Centered on Keyes , Charles , ‘ Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and you may Thai society ‘, Log away from Asian Studies , thirty six , dos ( 1977 ): 283 – 302 Google College student , icons of the queen together with Buddha is linked inside the traditions and you may legitimise each other king and you can break the rules Phu Mi Bun otherwise future queen. Select plus Wilson , Constance Yards. , ‘ Brand new Holy People on reputation of Thailand and you will Laos ‘, Diary off The southern area of Far eastern Training , 28 , 2 ( 1997 ): 345 –64CrossRefGoogle Student .
Royal says was in fact segmentary options centered on tributary and you will relationships alliances, which is, individual networking sites where rebellion and fragmentation usually took place
31 Falla , Jonathan , True-love and you will Bartholomew: Rebels to the Burmese border ( Cambridge : Cambridge College or university Push , 1991 )CrossRefGoogle Beginner . Toward image of new orphan, pick Hayami , Yoko , ‘ Karen tradition based on Christ or Buddha: The newest implications from several reinterpretations to have a minority ethnic class inside the Thailand ‘, Log regarding Southeast Far-eastern Training , twenty-seven , 2 ( 1996 ): 334 –49CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; to have recent Pwo Karen orphan tales, see Hinton , Elisabeth , Oldest brother’s facts: Tales of Pwo Karen ( Chiang Mai : Silkworm Guides , 1999 )Google Beginner .
29 Po , San C. , Burma and the Karens ( London area : Elliot Inventory , 1928 )Google Beginner . San C. Po is actually popular Karen governmental commander. Hovemyr , Anders , Trying to find the fresh Karen king ( Uppsala : Studia Missionaria Uppsaliensia , 1989 )Google Beginner , emphasised the fresh new Karen care about-personality because the underprivileged orphans, however with a feeling of moral excellence. Yet not, his offer are mainly missionary texts, ultimately causing a fairly biased interpretation.
Gravers , Mikael ( Copenhagen : NIAS Drive , 2007 ), pp
thirty-two The new poems was indeed trans. because of the missionary Mason , Francis and written in ‘ Way of living of your Karen ‘, Baptist Missionary Journal (Missionary Sign in) , fourteen ( 1834 ): 382 –93Google Beginner ; and also in Mason , Ellen B. , Civilizing mountain dudes ( London : James Nisbet & Co , 1862 )Google Beginner . My personal emphasis.
33 Select Gravers , , ‘Cosmology, prophets and you may rebellion’, and ‘Transformation and term: The forming of Karen ethnic name within the Burma’, in Exploring cultural variety during the Burma , ed. 227 –58Google Scholar , to possess a critical testing off missionary perceptions out of Karen cosmology.
34 Toward axioms, discover Aung-Thwin , Michael , ‘Divinity, soul, human: Conceptions regarding traditional Burmese kingship’, for the Stores, signs, and you can hierarchies: Essays to your traditional claims away from The southern area of Asia , ed. Gesick , Lorraine ( The latest Haven : Yale University The southern area of Asia Degree , Monograph 26, 1983 )Yahoo Beginner . For a fine discussion of your own mandala layout, come across Chutintaranond , Sunait , Towards the both sides of Tenasserim assortment: History of Siamese Burmese relationships ( Bangkok : Chulalongkorn College or university, Institute off Far eastern Studies , Monograph 50, 1995 )Google College student .
35 You can find other denominations within the Burma and you will Thailand mainly based on the same information however with routine differences eg Du Wae, Lu Wa and you will Wi Maung. Come across Stern, ‘Ariya and Golden Book’; Gravers, ‘Cosmology, prophets and you can rebellion’; Andersen , Kirsten Ewers , ‘ Several local Karen spiritual denominations ‘, Men and women , 23 ( 1981 ): 251 –61Google Student ; Yoko Hayami, dating services Kottayam women ‘Stupas and you can wedding vows: Buddhist and you can sectarian strategies in the Karen state’ (Kyoto: University regarding Kyoto, CSEAS Doing work report zero. 8, G-COR show 6, 2008), p. 35; and you will Kwanchewan, ‘Emails from contestation’. To the Talakhoung (Ta-la-ku) movement, come across Buadaeng , Kwanchewan , ‘Creating and you can maintaining brand new Ta-la-ku society: The latest Karen along side Thai–Myanmar border’, in the Imagining communities from inside the Thailand: Ethnographic steps , ed. Tanabe , Shigeharu ( Chiang Mai : Mekong Drive , 2008 ), pp. 83 – 106 Yahoo Student .
